Great French Women

Great Women in French History

Marie Antoinette
(1794–92) Queen of France and wife of Louis XVI. Was executed in the Place de la Concorde during the French Revolution. “Let them eat cake.” See story, below.

Brigitte Bardot
(1934–) Actress and sex symbol.

Simone de Beauvoir
(1908–86) Writer, existentialist, philosopher, feminist and lifelong partner of Jean-Paul Sartre. “Buying is a profound pleasure.”

Louise Bourgeois
(1911–2010) French-born American artist and sculptor. You can see the giant spider she did in the Tuileries, titled Maman (“mother” in French).

Coco Chanel
(1883–1971) Fashion designer. “A girl should be two things: classy and fabulous.”

Camille Claudel
(1864–1943) Sculptor and sometime lover of Auguste Rodin. Sadly lived the last 30 years of her life in an insane asylum.

Colette
(1873–1954) Writer, novelist who lived at the Palais Royal.
Marie Curie
(1867–1934) Born in Poland, educated in Paris, she discovered the theory of radioactivity.
Catherine Deneuve
(1943–) Actress. “A woman has to be intelligent, have charm, a sense of humor, and be kind. It’s the same qualities I require from a man.”
Marguerite Duras
(1914–96) Writer.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
(1122–1204) Wife of Louis VII of France and Henry II of England.
Jeanne d’Arc (Joan of Arc, pictured above)
(1412–31) Led France to several important victories against England during the Hundred Years’ War. “I am not afraid . . . I was born to do this.”
Catherine de Médicis
(1519–89) Wife of King Henry II of France and mother of Francis II of France.
Jeanne Moreau
(1928–) Actress.
Anaïs Nin
(1903–77) Writer and Henry Miller’s lover. “How wrong it is for a woman to expect the man to build the world she wants, rather than to create it herself.”  

Edith Piaf
(1915–63) Singer and cabaret artist. Married boxer Marcel Cerdan. “I don’t want to die an old lady.”

Ségolène Royal
(1953–) Politician. Ran for president in 2007 (lost to Sarkozy) and current president of the Poitou-Charentes region. “I think that the moment for women has arrived. Not for women but simply for the harmony of life.”

George Sand
(1804–76) Novelist and feminist.

Audrey Tautou
(1976–) Actress, made Montmartre even more famous after her movie Amélie.

Americans in Paris

Josephine Baker
(1906–75) African American dancer, entertainer and performer.

Mary Cassatt
(1844–1926) Painter and printmaker.

M. F. K. Fisher
(1908–92) Writer and essayist covering food and travel in France.

Gertrude Stein
(1874–1946) Writer and art collector.

Marie Antoinette: An opinion piece

 by Pamela Grant
A shadow of infamy still surrounds the name of the French Queen Marie Antoinette, guillotined October 16, 1793. Two centuries after her death, she deserves a break.
During her lifetime, the extravagant queen was dubbed “Mrs. Deficit,” the “Austrian Bitch” and even worse . . . Many slurs still linger to date. Wasn’t she the queen who said “Let them eat cake” when she heard the people were starving in Paris?
Sofia Coppola’s latest film elegantly addresses these issues and attempts to restore the image of a young girl who grew to maturity in a court mired in political intrigue and oppressive etiquette for which she was ill-prepared.
Living in the public eye and the gilded cage of the dissolute court was not easy for the privacy-loving 14 year old. Her 16-year-old husband’s lack of affection added still more pressure. He may have suffered from a physical deformity—phymosis (circumcision could have resolved his tight foreskin, but without anesthetic Louis was reluctant). Or perhaps he was just an awkward boy, escaping into his pastimes of hunting, lock-making, printing, etc. He was certainly resistant to assuming the mantle of power thrust upon him. In any case, their marriage remained unconsummated for 7 long years.
At first, Marie Antoinette was beloved by the people of France as the embodiment of youth, beauty and promise . . . She gave generously to those in need. But, at court, factions were forming.
Tongues were wagging. Was her husband, Louis XVI impotent? Marie Antoinette must be getting satisfaction elsewhere . . . from the king’s handsome younger brother . . . from her good friend Princess Lamballe, newly appointed Mistress of the Wardrobe, and later Madame Polignac, governess to her children (when she did finally produce them).
Irritated by the crushing court etiquette, Antoinette dismissed those whose positions had been a closely guarded privilege, and instead selected friends who amused her. As a result, enemies were piling up.
Louis, a bit of a slouch, wasn’t all that popular either. His cousin, Philippe d’Orléans, had his eye on the throne. So did Louis’ younger brothers . . . And they were all happy to criticize him, the indecisive fool, and his wife, the spendthrift shrew. They fueled demonizing broadsheets in Paris and printed some of their own.
These damning newspapers and pamphlets appeared with increasing frequency and virulence as the revolution was about to explode! By 1785, the once-beloved Antoinette was known as the “Autrichienne” (the Austrian bitch) after she pushed her influence on Louis to help her brother, the Archduke in a political fracas in Poland. Louis didn’t come to Austria’s aid, but the fear was there. Antoinette’s ulterior allegiance must be to her native country.
State bankruptcy was looming in France. The broadsheets printed stories of Antoinette’s huge expenses, inciting the new epithet “Mrs. Deficit.” Her expenditures were a concern and definitely over-the-top. The same could be said of Louis XIV’s mistress, Madame de Montespan and Louis XV’s mistress, Madame du Barry. However, nobody printed their extravagances . . .
Then came the fluke hail storm and crop failure of 1788. Already detested, mistrusted and dragged through the media mud, another smear came into print. The heartless queen was reported to have said, if there was no bread to be had, then the people should eat brioche (cake). She never said it, but people believed it. Her detractors took advantage of the suffering to fabricate another smear about her in the press. And it’s still taught in history books today—2 centuries later—a testament to the power of the press in its burgeoning days.
After the Bastille fell in July 1789, and the revolution had begun in earnest with the battle cry: “liberty, equality and fraternity,” people were still starving. The women of Paris, disgusted and spurred by agitators and the press once again, marched to Versailles on October 5, 1789 to return the royal family to Paris (the crowds sarcastically called them the baker, the baker’s wife and the little crumbs) . . . And this is where Sofia Coppola’s film ends.
Her movie spares us the royals’ steady descent into hell. Taken to the Tuileries Palace (a section of the Louvre that was burned down in 1871), life went on for the family almost as it did in Versailles. But they were closely guarded. Their only hope was to flee France. In 1791, they did, but it was a botched attempt. Spotted and caught in Varennes, not far from the Belgian border, they were returned to Paris. The bungled escape probably sounded the death knell of royalty in France. Any idea of a limited monarchy, like in England, was squelched. Within days of their humiliating return, Marie Antoinette’s hair went completely white—at age 35!
Things went from bad to worse. War against France’s invading enemies, Austria and Germany, was going badly. On two occasions, the Tuileries Palace was invaded by the Paris mob. June 20, 1792, the king faced the marauding crowds and managed to calm them. It was only temporary. More defeats on the front stirred up the people and on August 10, 1792, the Parisians attacked again. To avoid being torn to shreds, the royal family made their way to the legal body nearby, the Assembly, for protection. They escaped a massacre that would have surely finished them off. According to the reports, it was a ghoulish event. People played kickball with the severed heads of the Swiss Guard and worse.
The Assembly eventually voted to abolish the monarchy and the family was taken to a prison in the Marais on August 13, 1792. The prison, known as the Temple, was a medieval remnant that had belonged to the Knights Templar. These were the last poignant months the royals remained together as a family.
A defeat at Verdun on September 2, 1792 created another backlash in Paris. An estimated 1,200 people were taken from prisons and butchered. Killed in any way the crowd chose, they were shot, burned alive, hacked to bits, torn to shreds . . . One unfortunate victim was Princesse de Lamballe, Marie Antoinette’s close friend. Incarcerated at La Force, a prison on rue Pavée in the Marais (later destroyed to extend the street), she came to a brutal end. When she defended her friend, the Queen, she was stripped, raped, torn from limb to limb . . . her head and genitals were placed on a pike and paraded beneath the Temple window, about 2 miles up the road, and her leg was shot from a cannon. Marie Antoinette must have trembled when the remains were paraded beneath her prison window.
December 11, 1792, the King was transferred to the Conciergerie, a medieval prison, considered to be the antechamber of death. He was convicted of treason, and by a majority vote of the Assembly (his cousin, Philippe d’Orléans, now calling himself Equality Philip, for the sake of the egalitarian revolution, voted for his death), he was to be executed . . . on January 21, 1793.
It was devastating for the family left in the tower. And things got grimmer still when the order came to separate young Louis (the royalists deemed him Louis XVII), from his mother on July 13, 1793. It was an agony she could not bear and the arguing went on for some time before the little boy was finally torn from his mother’s arms.
He was placed under the care of the illiterate Citizen Richard, a vulgar cobbler, who was told to re-educate the royal child. The little 8-year-old was naturally impressionable and vulnerable after the forced separation. Young Louis was taught revolutionary songs and learned to curse his mother, just upstairs.
Then came the order for Marie Antoinette’s transfer to the Conciergerie on August 2, 1793. She wasn’t questioned until October 12 as her accusers tried to assemble conclusive evidence against her.
When the questioning did come, she answered with dignity and incredible intelligence:
“Do you think Kings are necessary for a people’s happiness?”
“An individual cannot make such a decision.”
“You must certainly regret your son’s loss of the throne which the people, finally aware of their rights, have destroyed?”
“I shall regret nothing for my son when his country is happy.”
Her answers were incisive and irreproachable.
Then her old arch-enemy launched an attack that took her by surprise.
Hébert, the radical editor of the debauched and racy newspaper “Le Père Duchêne,” the man who coined “l’Autrichienne,” accused her of incest with her son. Her only response was to look away silently. Surprised by her reaction, a juror pressed her for a response:
“Nature itself shudders at such an accusation made to a mother . . . I appeal to all mothers here!” Compassion for this frail woman filled the room. Even the vindictive tricoteuses (knitters) who sat through all the trials and executions, had pity for her.
But it was a foregone conclusion: “guilty of treason as charged.” Later that day, she was collected in a tumbril, an open wooden cart used for all commoners. Louis had been transported in a carriage. The years of stress, riots, violence, murder, execution and separation from her children had taken a toll on her. She was hemorrhaging badly. Antoinette had a moment of weakness before she stepped into the wagon, and relieved her bowels in the Conciergerie courtyard.
The painter Jacques-Louis David captured her wretched ride down rue St. Honoré. Hair cropped by the executioner, her hands tied behind her back, she looks dignified, haggard, stoic, courageous.
Marie Antoinette went to the guillotine with poise and deportment. During the Terror, many of the revolutionary leaders themselves faced the “national razor.” Her foe, Hébert, went kicking and screaming. When it came time for Fouquier-Tinville, her prosecutor, to face the “widow maker,” he claimed he was just doing his job and whimpered, “I’m the axe, you don’t kill the axe!”
Clearly the Revolution was fraught with excesses and thousands met an untimely end, but somehow in the popular imagination, Marie Antoinette became the embodiment of all evils. 200 years later, can we cut the girl some slack!
Pamela Grant isn’t only a writer, she’s also an excellent guide in Paris and one of the best examples of a parisian women in her prime!  

Join us for the adventure of a lifetime, on one of our luxury tours for women. You can experience living like a queen during our bespoke women’s only tours and learn about the life of Marie Antoinette or Napoleon’s beloved Joséphine.